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Posts Tagged ‘Resources’

Articles by Shane

Lohan

distance learning is the new way of learning, people need a better career and looking for a suitable course in order to close the gap can certainly go for distance learning. There are many online universities, many traditional universities have also started with distance learning programs at the end

growing popularity of distance learning has forced universities to open platforms for online teaching .. And there are many advantages of online education. With distance learning universities can bring more students into their virtual campus. Programs on campus have always been limited – there is little space, how big it is – the university can not enroll students limitless. But this problem is not distance learning into the curriculum. As a student studying from home, the universities can easily accommodate a large number of students without much difficulty. Thus removed with the line that more people can earn higher levels of education and the universities.

Distance Learning

offers different types of diplomas. Purely undergraduate and postgraduate programs are aligned available in the humanities, natural sciences, economics and computer science fields. If you apply for a study that requires practical training and work in the laboratory, the University may request that an affiliated training center in order to visit them in your town. The universities also offer training which includes MBA, LL.B., psychology, etc.

Many universities, the affiliate programs with local educational institutions in different cities and countries, these institutions act as a focal point for students in this region. In the event that no class session is required, and students have internships in the laboratory and then these regional centers. In mainstream classes during the weekend so you can take even the professionals, the work place. Sometimes a pen and paper-based exams are held in the regional study centers.

University

as courses on campus and online courses are often broadcast in parallel to the classroom via satellite, so that students can watch online without attending classes on campus. The regional centers usually have the satellite-learning offerings. Interactive courses, students and professionals such as MBA in Human Resources or MBA in marketing and so can be helped immensely in the satellite-based live streaming sessions in the classroom.

MBA online is becoming more popular with each passing day. Many people who come to the next level of the hierarchy of the company go, MBA. Human Resources MBA and other specializations are pretty common. We can go relatively new topics such as MBA in Marketing and Digital.

While registration for MBA in Human Resources or any other specialization, ensure that you are an accredited university. There are many universities, you need background checks by the Institute, before doing the final decision. Register at an accredited university only, otherwise your time and your money will be spent almost no point. If you already have experience in management positions can offer distance MBA help you to higher positions at work. So online go for professional courses and build your future.

article by Jeanette Steiner

Home School Science Resources – where to start

It has never been a better time to have been related to the home of your children .. There is enough material to choose from and over the Internet, they are immediately available and many of them are free. A good starting point is in the planning phase. This need not be complicated.

Here is a list of start:

You teaching of science in general or a specific course such as biology, geology, chemistry, etc. You can now gather materials accordingly.

What kind of budget do you work? If you completely free resources with library books combined use plan, this option a little more planning, so it’s good to plan ahead and write.

Did you start your budget is adopted, the teaching methods you use, for example, think, to study nature, traditional a course on CD-ROM, an online class, a manual or a more focused study of practical experience. Sure, you can use a mixture of these methods and suppliers

Science Curriculum and Materials

Home Training Tools. They are well-known publisher (Apologia, Bob Jones, Alpha Omega) and have a huge range of scientific equipment. If you bottles, burners, chemicals, stuffed animals for dissection, etc., need, it is a great resource. The guides also offer lots of free and dissection

NOEO Home School Science. Make their own online curriculum kits. The various components of the kit are available for purchase as well. The teacher’s guide contains a complete list of the 36 weeks reading assignments, experiments and activities. The kits typically include 6-10 kg, two or three that are leading scientists and a number of young scientists at the club experience, the instructions and the experience all the hard covers related supplies. These are really good

Free Science Resources: Some of these sites are younger and some high school college / – check

! Biology 4 Kids

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article by Paddy Winters

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If you teach the new BTEC qualifications Science in September 2010, please think about what BTEC scientific resources best suit your needs

There are 3 tracks:

>> Edexcel Level 2 BTEC Certificate colleges (1 GCSE)

>> Level 2 Edexcel BTEC Extended Certificate in Applied Science (2 GCSEs)

>> Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Diploma in Applied Science (4 GCSE)

How do you decide on a complete set of resources to help students on their first assignments BTEC colleges with confidence?

traditional educational resources include worksheets, lesson plans, tasks, etc. Checklists.

But what distinguishes a great resource BTEC science aside resources just fine?

Great resources are created in the conversation with teachers at every step of the way through production, and should include the following features:

Real Life Lesson Plans

Applied Science is all science, for the real world are as exciting lesson plans with real-world application of decisive importance. Excellent activity ideas, practical examples show the students understand how they learn facts are also outside the classroom. In addition, great examples to motivate students to look over their textbooks and do further research necessary to obtain a merit or distinction.

The resources that have the new specification

Resources, the written work that makes all the criteria of the pass, merit and distinction in the new specification to cover the students of all levels of the equipment and also be adjusted under to achieve its target class.

Simple analysis of the structure

differentiation

For courses in different skills, resources, the PIN number of the criteria necessary to pass, merit and distinction can achieve the qualities can make a difference. Science BTEC Higher resource use color coding or similar methods to the criteria in a way that on the Internet for teachers and students of all levels on a single page exists.

A complete lesson plan

Since BTEC First Applied Science is a relatively new course, the relevant documents, can thin on the ground. Many teachers have found each other and writing lessons from scratch.

Great Science BTEC provide resources to complete lesson plans are the backbone of the course, written by experienced teachers. So you are free to create your own resources or take your class out of the box, knowing that all content is well covered by the specification required.

lesson plans BTEC show science clear evaluation criteria, functional skills and personal, learning and thinking skills in each lesson covered

Some resources go further and provides comprehensive programs of work, worksheets and planning grid in Word documents, you can -. edit You can adapt for your lessons.

And then?

It is always good to do your research before making a decision to do about the use of resources. Most manufacturers offer some form of assessment, or even a “look inside” feature that can provide an electronic resource to display. Note the above points in the selection, and good luck!

Inventing can be tough, dirty (through enthralling) work. Fortunately, inventors do not have to go it alone! As it turns out, the government makes certain resources available for inventors to use in their efforts. These resources can come in the form of grants (money) and information. Whichever type of resource you are seeking, you would do well to familiarize yourself with what is available. In this article, we will explore the 2 types of resources the government provides to inventors and offer examples of each. We will begin with information resources.
Information Resources
First and foremost, the government provides information resources to inventors of all kinds. The bulk of this information comes from the United States Patent & Trademark Office. One of the more helpful links on the USPTO website is their Inventor Resources website.
Here, inventors of all kinds can learn about patents, what they are, how to apply for them, and more. They can also read about the types of inventions that are patentable, a huge aid in deciding whether an idea is worth pursuing. Some of the links on this webpage are especially helpful to inventors who are new to the field.
“What is a Patent” walks inventors through the ins and outs of what a patent actually is. Most inventors should begin their education here.
Once you are familiar with what a patent is, the USPTO offers a helpful list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about patents. If you have ever wondered what “patent pending” means or whether the USPTO will spill your trade secrets to other inventors, you will find the answers here.
There are also helpful links for those who are already “in the know” on intellectual property. For those looking to file design patents, for example, the USPTO offers an eye-opening guide on how to get the ball rolling and follow all the rules in the process. Things like making proper claims, documenting your drawings, and other crucial procedures are spelled out in unmistakable detail, all free of charge.
Finally, one area of the webpage answers the question “What Free Assistance is Available from the USPTO?” Here you will find support phone numbers, operation hours, access to forms, and more.
Last but not least, the USPTO provides a much-needed debunking of the myths surroundings patents and trademarks. In an age where late-night infomercials promise the ability to market your ideas and many believe they can mail themselves a “poor man’s patent” of documents in a federally stamped envelope, this is invaluable education on the true nature of intellectual property. If you are even thinking about getting a patent, trademark, or copyright for your invention, consider this free, informative PDF document required reading. Do not let your dreams of invention success fall prey to someone’s sleazy scams.
In short, the USPTO website should be considered the authority for information resources on inventing. The other type of resource the government makes available to inventors are financial resources.
Financial Resources
Certain government agencies also provide financial assistance to inventors, especially if their invention will be used to start a small business. The Small Business Association (SBA) is the best place to start looking for funds if this is the direction you are considering. Specifically, you should check the “SBA Procurements and Grants Hotlist”, which we’ve linked to below. According to the About website, this list “Connects you with every major U.S. Government grant by listing each agency’s procurement & acquisition site; find a request that will fund for your technology development.”
About.com also reports that the Community of Science offers a number of grants and funding options to inventors and researchers:
“Funding and grant opportunities for research and development, this database is huge. They also have access to job postings, career resources, recruiting centers and more. You can also locate bioresearch, drug discovery, and laboratory equipment and supplies online. They currently deliver more than 1.2 million targeted funding matches over the Internet to scientists and scholars each week.”
The United States Department of Energy is another agency that provides funds for inventions in its area of functioning. If your invention has anything to do with energy conservation or efficiency, this would be well worth looking into. From the DOE website:
“For individuals or small businesses, developing an energy-saving invention can be difficult. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Inventions and Innovation (I&I) offers financial and technical support to inventors and businesses for promising energy-saving concepts and technologies. I&I selects technologies to receive grants through a competitive process.”
Selling a Patent
In short, the government provides a great deal of information and money to dedicated inventors willing to seek it out. If you need clarification on some aspect of intellectual property or a grant, chances are you can find it.

INTRODUCTION

Marital harmony is the globally important social phenomenon, which plays vital role in our life. Successful marital relationship based on many factors but economic resources are considered to be most essential.   Various studies have been conducted on this issue   Behnke & Mcdermind, (2004) studied economic factor in relation to family well-being e.g Voyandoff (1990) studied economic distress and family relations.  Ross & Mirowsky (1992) and Yadollahi (2009) studied that employment of spouses  and the sense of control in various types of stressors of marital life. Diener and Diener (2001) investigated  that wealth is related to many positive outcomes in life.  Jorgensen & Butler (2010) reported various ethical issues among the couples with reference to their psychological conflicts other than economic.

Many researchers have concluded the negative effects of economic hardship on marital quality and stability (e.g. Voydanoff, 1990; Oggins, 2003; Miller et al., 2003).   Gudmunson et al (2007) found, economic strain is directly linked to increase  couple disagreements.  Kerkmann, Thomas, Jean, & Scot’s study (as cited in Pimentel 2009) reported that financial problems significantly contributed to lower reported marital satisfaction among married couples. Economic strain is directly linked to increased couple disagreements and has direct impact on marital adjustment (Kinnunen and Feldt, 2004).All these findings are likely to reflect the fact that financial issues are a frequent trigger point for conflict  among the couples led to more frequent fights and decrease in marital harmony (Gudmunson et al., 2007). Study performed by Brody et al (1994) has proved that family income was associated with higher marital happiness and lower marital conflict. Similarly, the study by Amato & Rogers (1997) demonstrated that a low husband’s income and employment factor is a significantly associated with marital problems and low marital quality and it increases the likelihood of marital disruption (South and Spitz, 1986). Looking the research findings it is reasonable to hypothesized that financial satisfaction and marital satisfaction is directly correlated (Miller’s study as cited in Frisby, 2007). Recent study by Nunes, (2008) also proves that   marital satisfaction is mainly associated with economic factor.

In a recent Mori survey, 35 percent of women and 26 percent of men agreed that the economic downturn had “reduced the quality of their marriage” (Government Equalities Office, 2009). Another study supported the relationship between finances and marital satisfaction by identifying that 15% of marital satisfaction was predicted by financial factors (Kerkmann, Thomas,Lown, &Allgood ,2000). Survey conducted by Frisby (2007) also shows that family income affect the degree of marital satisfaction.

Researchers sought to define and identify causal relationships between economic stress and relationships between husband and wife and parent and child. James( 2009)proposed a “family stress model” in which economic pressures cause adults emotional distress, which disrupts both the marital relationship and parenting. Marshall and colleagues (1997); Zedlewski (2002); Behnke & Mcdermind (2004)  found that low family income and limited benefits not only have bad effect on mutual relations of couples but it also has negative influences on child and family well-being. Jacobs & Silverberb (2002) found Maternal disclosure of financial concerns is related to difficulties in adolescent daughters’ adjustment and such disclosure acts as a mediator in the relationship between family financial hardship and adolescent daughters’ adjustment in a sample of 62 adolescent girls and their recently divorced mothers.

The association between economic stress, individual psychological state and relationship quality may not be the same for all couples. However, for couples that were observed to have better problem-solving skills in a task, high levels of marital conflict did not lead to such high levels of marital dissatisfaction (James, 2009). Blekesaune (2008) used the data from the British Household Panel Survey between 1991 and 2005 and found that low income increased the risk of partnership dissolution. Similar study In Finland conducted by Kinnunen and Feldt (2004) concluded husband’s unemployment is strongly associated with his marital adjustment. Financial stress is not, of course, confined to times of recession, but is a continual feature of life for some families. However, in a recession, this is spread more widely (James, 2009).

Conger (1990) proposed that economic hardships and declines in marital satisfaction are mediated through economic pressure, which produces emotional distress and negative marital interaction patterns. Economic hardships engendered feelings of economic pressure. This pressure was related to the emotional distress husbands and wives felt which, consequently, gave rise to more negatively and conflict in the marital relationship.

Grant &  Barling (1992) has reported that economic factors are responsible increases violence within family (Straus & Gelles, 1986; Obradovic & Odradovic, (2006).

Evidence has suggested that people with higher income felt happier, more satisfied and adjusted with their lives because higher income could be used to have a better lifestyle through greater leisure opportunities and improved nutritional intake, fewer uncertainties, better access to health services and improved living environment through better housing and the ability to move to places that are more prosperous (Ayub,,& Iqbal, 2009). Social stress research has repeatedly identified low income and income loss as a major social stressor (Elder, 1974). Much of the marital researches done before 1980 identified financial problems as one of the primary reasons for couple’s marital dissatisfaction and dissolution (Albrecht, 1979; Levinger, 1976). However, although finances remain a potentially problematic issue for couples, but later studies suggest that financial problems may be less influential than previously believed (Andersen, 2000; Kitson & Sussman, 1982; Thurnher, Fennnn, Melichar, & Chiriboga, 1983; Amato & Rogers, 1997) thus inflating the perceived importance of financial distress as predictor for marital dissolution (Kendal, 2003 cited in Dean, et al 2005). Money is one of the major causes of frustration in marriage and family relationships; there is a significant relationship between finance and happily married relationships. In a study conducted by the Consumer Credit Counseling Service of people who came to the organization for debt or budget counseling, 60 percent of the married respondents reported fighting about money with their spouses. (Washburn,Carolyn.,& Christensen2008).

Marriages stressed by economic uncertainties have also been more likely to be disrupted (South and Spitz, 1986). Dean (2005) explored possible linkages between financial problems and divorce and marital conflict. Many studies has   concluded  that  couples facing more financial obstacles and spending less time together are more at risk for divorce (Poortman 2005; Cleek & Pearson, 1985).  Sayer concluded that  , the transition to divorce is associated with economic stressors for most women (as cited  in Craig & Behnke ,2008).

Research Methodology

Research design

Main focus of this study was to find the effect of economic resources on marital adjustment.  It has been hypothesized that better economic resources lead to better marital life and resultantly improves the quality of marital adjustment. In this study, economic resources and marital adjustment were used as independent and dependent variables respectively. The effect of economic resources on marital adjustment was investigated by making the comparison between married women from nuclear family system and joint family system which is also an important source of conflicts among the spouses in Pakistan. The research design for the present study was quantitative, where as cross sectional research design was employed to compare and investigate the data. This study was carried out in to three phases. In first phase, two types of married women were categorized, one, working women and the second non-working women (i.e. housewives). At the second stage, personal data was collected with the help of “bio-data form” i.e. monthly income, family system. At the third phase sample was selected and data was collected through survey from Abbottabad city from a sample of 200 married women selected on a simple random technique. The first simple of 100 working women was drawn, which was further divided into; living in nuclear family (n=60) and living in    joint family system (n=40). The second sample of 100 non -working women was drawn which was equally divided in   nuclear family system and joint family system.

Research Instrument

In the present study ‘sub scales ‘Economic’ and ‘General pattern of adjustment’ of Marital Adjustment Scale-Urdu (MAS-U) (Kazmi , 2002) was used for data collection. MAS-U is an attempt to establish a framework from which marital adjustment can be estimated in Pakistani culture by the researcher and practitioner. MAS-U was designed and intended to measure marital adjustment in Pakistani culture.  All other marital scales are in English language and their cultural adaptation is quite laborious phenomenon. The MAS-U is a standardized instrument in Urdu language and thus is able to evoke real response from the interviewees.   MAS-U is a reliable instrument the determine the degree of (1) Spouses interpersonal frustration and dissatisfaction which quit common in our culture,  even rational reasons elicits or not; (2) Spouse’s capability to express their feelings on various issues; (3) Spouses’ satisfaction within available economic resources and their style of non vocal communication ; (4) Spouse’s specific communication style about the routine marital life issues; (5) Women’s  satisfaction within existing family systems their approach towards family systems common in   Pakistan. The MAS-U consisted of 126 items that loaded on four factors. Participants marked their responses on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (Strongly agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, Strongly disagree). The internal consistency of MAS-U has been reported with a Cronbach alpha of 0.82. Along with some evidence of construct validity was also determined.  Whereas, for the ‘Economic’ Cranach alpha is 0.9 and for ‘General pattern of adjustment’ it is 0.82.

Procedure of the study:

To collect data for the present study 200 married women were selected in which 100 were working married women and 100 were non-working married women. The Marital Adjustment Scale was administered personally by the researcher in face to face fashion. Purpose of study was explained to each participant that the research was the part of thesis work and the information they given will be remained confidential and only uses for research purpose. The respondents were asked to response as strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree. In the present study, to explore the economic resources of working and non-working women, income was taken into consideration. Husband’s income was also used while measuring the economic status. For measuring the economic resources of workingwomen income of husband and wife both were used. While measuring the economic resources on non-working women only husband’s incomes were used.

Analysis and interpretation of the results

After the data collection, the next step was the interpretation of the data. First, the item was assigned the score of one to five for the positive statements and the reversed scoring was used for the items having negative tone. Then the statistical analysis was applied on data. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied on data to assess the significance of the results. Total marital adjustment score of the MAS-U ranged from 195 to 300 with mean of 247 (SD=27.2) for workingwomen and 211 to 348 with mean of 272.9 (SD=30.24) for non-workingwomen. The score on economic resources ranged from 16 to 65 with mean of 33.38(SD=11.4) for workingwomen and 18 to 70 with mean of 49.9(SD=12.75) for non-workingwomen. Responses to questionnaire items were coded and enter in computer. The statistical analysis was carried-out by using SPSS .

Table 1

Number of items

M

Sd

Cronbach  Alpha

16

75.0

13.5

0.82

The relaiability statistic for the self–constructed Marital Adjustment Scale show cronbach,s Alpha to be reliable at .82

Mean, Variance, standard Deviation, and Cronbach’s Alpha computed for the communication in Marital Adjustment (n=200)

Table 2 Mean, Standard Deviation and t-score of working and non-working women on economic resources.

Working    Women    n=100

Non-working Women  n=100

M

SD

M

SD

t

Economic Resources

33.38

11.45

49.9

12.75

9.645

Table 2 shows the t-test values and analysis of the sample data of 200 women and their economic resources. It indicates the difference between the economic resources of working and non-working women. It shows that there is significant difference between the economic resources of working and non-working women (t=9.645; df= 198;p=0.001)

Table 3 Mean, Standard Deviation and t-score of working and non-working women on marital adjustment.

Working    Women    n=100

Non-working Women  n=100

M

SD

M

SD

t

Marital adjustment

247.0

27.2

272.9

30.24

6.381

Table 3 shows the t-test values and analysis of the sample data of 200 women and their marital adjustment. It indicates the marital adjustment of working and non-working women. It shows that there is significant difference between the marital adjustment of working and non-working women (t=6.381; df= 198; p=0.001)

Table 4  significant difference among marital adjustment of women with respect to low medium and higher income.

Groups

N

Mean

SD

f

Total Sample

200

41.7

14.6

1036

Low Income

95

45.38

14

Medium  Income

62

41.64

15

High Income

43

33.69

11.75

Table 4 shows one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the sample data of 200 women, their income is divided into low, medium and as well as high income. It shows the significant difference among three groups (f=10.36;df=199;p<0.001).

Discussion

Present study aimed at to explore the relationship between marital adjustment and economic resources.  It was hypothesized that the workingwomen have better economic resources as compared to non-working women. Moreover, the study also investigated the difference between marital adjustment of working and non-working women. Results support the hypothesis.

The results of a t-test reveals that significant differences exists between the economic resources of working and non-working women (t=9.645; df =198; p<0.001). Mean score of working and non-working women are differ as mean score of working women on economic resources was M=33.3(SD=11.4) and mean score of non-working women was M=49.9(SD=12.7). Thus workingwomen have better economic resources to fulfill their requirements. It reduces their life stresses and intern effects  their marital happiness and satisfaction. It concludes that  workingwomen are to more satisfied and martially adjusted as compared to non-working women. Study also concludes that workingwomen have better economic resources because both husband and wife earn more money as compared to non-working women. Study confirms the finding of Ayub & Iqbal ( 2009) who concluded that;  people with higher income felt happier, more satisfied and adjusted with their lives,  have a better lifestyle through greater leisure opportunities improved nutritional intake, better access to health services and improved living environment through better housing. Present study showed significant relationship between finance and happily married relationships which resembles to the study of Washburn, Carolyn., & Christensen (2008).

Working and non-working women responded differently on the sub scale of economic resources of MAS-U. The high score on the scale showed that the subject has some economic problems. In this research score of workingwomen on economic resources was low that indicates they have less economic problems and thus more martially adjusted.  Score of non-working women was high that reveals they are facing stress due to economic and consequently enjoying less marital happiness. On the other hand low marital adjustment of non working women proposed that economic hardships and decline in marital satisfaction are mediated through economic pressure, which produces emotional distress and negative marital interaction patterns. Conger  (1990)  also supported the  results. The economic pressure is related to the emotional distress husbands and wives felt, which, in turn, gave rise to more negatively and conflict in the marital relationship. Present findings analogous to Grant &  Barling’s(1992) study that Lower income  associated with poorer marital functioning  and increases family violence (Straus & Gelles, 1986).  Bloom, Niles & Tatcher, 1985; Godwin, 1990; Israelen, 1990; Nortarius & Markman’s study (1993) confirmed that financial matters are closely related to family discord, marital problems.

Another hypothesis of this study that the “workingwomen are more martially adjusted as compared to non-working women” was proved. The non-working women obtained high score on marital adjustment scale as compared to working women. It shows that their adjustment with their husbands is not good (t=6.381;df=198;p<0.001), Table 3. It reveals the significant difference between the marital adjustment of working and non-working women. These two groups are also differ in their mean score as mean score of workingwomen was 247.0 (SD=27.2) and the mean score of non-working women was 272.9 (SD=30.2). So, due to better economic resources working women are martially adjusted and nonworking women are martially mal-adjusted. Maladjustment of non-working women is due to low economic resources that is similar to Elder (1974) who concluded that economic hard times increased rate of martial distress and results also conform Blekesaune’s  (2008) study. Present findings coincide with Brody et al (1994) who proved that family income was associated with higher marital happiness and lower marital conflict.

One way of variance (ANOVA) was applied on data to find-out the impact of economic resources. The whole sample was divided in to three groups that were belong to low, middle and higher socio-economic status. Table 4 indicates the result of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and shows the significant difference among three groups (f=10.30;df=199;p<0.001). It shows that the subjects who belongs to low-income level (M=45.38;SD=14.11) have to face more economic problems as compared to other groups. The result also reveals that the subject who belongs to middle-income level (M=41.64;SD=15.10) and higher-income level (M=33.69;SD=11.75) have enough economic resources to fulfill their needs. The findings by other researches also confirmed that low income can cause distress in life as Marshal and colleagues (1997) and financial issues within the family or marriages are frequently reported as a presenting problem. (Daly, 2003; Isareisen & Hatch, 2005 cited in Jorgensen & Butler 2010),low family income has negative influence on  family well-being( Zedlewski,2002).

Conclusion

The main hypothesis of this study was to explore the effect of economic resources on marital adjustment. The present study has identified that working married women have better economic resources as compared to non-working women. Despite of their busy routine life they are more martially adjusted as compared to non-working.

It is concluded that money/income creates the problems in daily life activities and it can effects one’s marital adjustment as it is proved in this research. Couples with better economic resources are martially adjusted as compared to those who have limited economic resources. Well-adjusted partners tend to be more supportive to each other and encounter fewer quarrels.

References

Albrecht, S. L. (1979). Correlates of marital happiness among the remarried. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 862. Retrieved from http:// www. informaworld.com/index/904729005.pdf

Amato, P. R., Rogers, S.J. (1997). A longitudinal study of marital problems and Subsequent divorce. Journal of marriage and family, 59,612-624.    Retrieved from www.faqs.org/abstracts/family-and-marriage/

Andersen, J. D. (2000). Financial problems as predictors of divorce. Journal of Marital and  Family Therapy, 3,53 -60. doi:10.1111/1752-0606.1977. 004 85.

Ayub, N., & Iqbal, Z. (2009, November 20). Income-related behavior. The news. Retrieved from http://jang.cpm.pk/ the news/nov 009-weekly/busrev. 29.06/p7.htm

Behnke, A., & MacDermind, A. (2004). Family well-being. Encyclopedia. Retrieved on Nov 4, 2009 from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry . php?id=235

Beutler, I.F., & Mason,J.W.(1987). Family cash-flow budgeting. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 16, 3-12.doi: 10.1177/1077727×870/ 600/01

Blekesaune, A. (2008). How work affects divorce: The mediating role of financial           and time pressures. Journal of Family Issues, 26,168-195. Retrieved from     http://www.eric.ed.gov/accno=EJ690297

Bloom, B.L., Niles, R. L., & Tatcher, A.M. (1985). Sources of marital dissatisfaction         among newly separated persons. Journal of Family Issues, 6, 359-373. Retrieved from    jfi.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/274s/359

Cleek, M. G. & Pearson, T. A. (1985). Perceived causes of divorce: An analysis of interrelationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 179-183. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/352080

Craig, L. D., & Behnke, A. O. (2008). Financial management strategies for women         in divorce transition. The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues, 13(2). Retrieved from http://ncsu.edu/ffci/publications/summer-fall/summer-2008.php

Dean, L. R., Carroll, J.S., & Yang, C. (2005). Materialism, perceived financial      problems, and marital satisfaction. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal,        35, 260-281. doi: 10.1177/1077727X06296625

Diener, E., & Diener, B.R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicator Research, 57,119-169.Retrieved from http://www. Intention alhappiness. com/articles/july-2009/Money-Happiness-

Elder. (1974). Stress-Effects of economic stressors on marital behaviors. Retrieved from http://familyjrank.org/pages/1641/stress-Effects-Economic-Stress ors- on-Marital-Behaviors.html

Esere, M. O. (2000). Communication management skills training as a marriage enrichment program in the improvement of marital adjustment. Retrieved on Oct 23, 2009, from http://www.unilorin.edu.ng /publications/esere/ communication.

Kazmi,S.F.(2002).Marital adjustment of educated career women and educated non career women. Unpublished manuscript, Humdard Institute of Social Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

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